Electronic transactions: UAE legislation

Federal Decree-Law No. (35) of 2022 Promulgating the Law of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Transactions

Sets the rules of proof in civil and commercial disputes: official and customary written instruments, electronic records and signatures, witness testimony, oaths, expert evidence, inspection and presumptions, gives remote evidentiary proceedings the same force as in-person ones and admits certain evidence obtained abroad; it replaced Federal Law No. 10 of 1992.

Federal Decree-Law No. (46) of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services

Replaces the 2006 e-commerce law: electronic documents, signatures and seals cannot be denied legal effect merely because they are electronic; trust service providers must be licensed by TDRA, with an additional qualified status for qualified electronic signatures and seals; and the Cabinet may bring transactions or documents into or out of the law's scope.

Cabinet Resolution No. 52 of 2024 Concerning the Administrative Penalties for Violating the Provisions of Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2021 Concerning Electronic Transactions and Trust Services and its Executive Regulations

Lists the violations and administrative fines for trust service providers and other persons breaching the electronic transactions law and its executive regulations, such as operating without a licence, failing security or audit obligations, or misusing certificates, and sets the escalation for repeat violations.

Cabinet Resolution No. 28 of 2023 on the Executive Regulations of Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services

Implements the 2021 electronic transactions law: licensing conditions and obligations for trust service providers, technical and security standards for electronic signatures, seals, time stamps and electronic delivery, the national trust list, and the procedures for recognising foreign certificates and for suspending or revoking licences.